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Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Korenko, Stanislav (referee) ; Krištín, Anton (referee)
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
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The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina ; Bosáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee) ; Fischer, Jan (referee)
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
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The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
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Comprehensive analysis of warning and defense compounds of true bugs by high-performance separation methods
Krajíček, Jan
Insects have developed many strategies of defence against predators in the course of evolution. The evolutionarily oldest and most widely used type of defence is chemical defence, followed by acoustic or optical defence. However, many species of insects use simultaneously multiple types of warning signals, which affect different sensory receptors of the given predator. Such a complex method of warning signals is called multimodal method. It may consist of a combination of simultaneous chemical and optical signals, or a combination of acoustic and optical signalling. The combination of chemical and optical signalling used against a predator is probably the most common form of multimodal signalling. The presented work deals with the analysis of biologically active substances, which participate in the defence mechanisms of a widespread species of insects - true bugs (Heteroptera). Pterin derivatives represent a large group of natural compounds derived from pteridin, bicyclic heterocycle, and they are found in virtually all living organisms from bacteria to vertebrates. In insects, they primarily serve as pigments, resulting for example in striking coloration of cuticles of Heteroptera. The first part of the dissertation was focused on identification and quantification of pterin derivatives in cuticles...
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Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
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Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
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The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
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The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina ; Bosáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee) ; Fischer, Jan (referee)
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
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Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Korenko, Stanislav (referee) ; Krištín, Anton (referee)
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
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Role of true bugs in a lifetime of humans
CHALOUPKOVÁ, Věra
This bachelor thesis covers the theme of the role of true bugs in human life. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to create a brief research focusing on true bugs as human and livestock parasites, pests of crops cultivated by humans, their function in biological control, their use in laboratory research and in food, as well as their occurrence in literature, television programs, music and as an inspiration for artworks and various products
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